求指教:工科在职研究生报考&备考 |
众所周知的是,英语分为英式(British English)和美式(American English)两大类别;在 ESL(English as a Second Language)/EFL (English as a Foreign Language)等专业的第二语言课程中,也常如此划分。而谈及它们的区别,则莫衷一是,但大致分为以下几点:
发音(Pronunciation) :元音(Vowel)、辅音(Consonant)的发音均有差异,重音(Stress)和语调(Intonation)也有所不同。
词汇(Vocabulary) :名词(Noun)和动词(Verb),尤其是具体物体名称、动词短语的使用(phrasal verb usage and the names of specific tools or items)不同。
拼写(Spelling) :差异常见于带有特定前缀和后缀的单词(certain prefix and suffix forms)。
实际运用时,为使表达更显地道,你需要尽力做到的是——保持一致。(The rule of thumb is to try to be consistent in your usage.)这意味着,如果你决定使用美式拼写,则必须将其贯彻到整个句子或文章中。(反例)如:The color of the orange is also its flavour. 这种句子屡见于英语学习者笔下,读者也习以为常,但它在母语使用者(native speaker)看来是有些奇怪的,原因在于其中混杂了美式与英式拼写(color is American spelling and flavour is British)。当然,在文化多元化和信息大爆炸的今天,处处“保持一致”很难做到,所以我只要求你“尽力”而已。
但你完全可以做到的是:掌握两者最常见的区别,在今后的使用中,抓大放小,重点避开低级错误。
拼写(Spelling)
美式英语常用”or”/”ize”结尾,英式英语常用”our”/”ise”结尾:color/colour(颜色), humor/humour(幽默), flavor/flavour(风味);recognize/recognise(认出), patronize/ patronise(光顾、赞助;高人一等地对待) etc.
词汇(Vocabulary) 按(美式/英式)排列
专业术语(Terminology)用词不同——以汽车(Automobile/Car)相关词汇为例:hood/bonnet(引擎盖),trunk/boot(后备箱),truck/lorry(卡车),gas(gasoline) /petrol(汽油)etc.
同一单词表义不同——如”mean”这个单词,在美式英语中常表angry, bad humored(脾气不好的,刻薄的):Don't be so mean to your sister! 而在英式英语中则意味着not generous, tight fisted(不大方的,吝啬的):She's so mean she won't even pay for a cup of tea.
语法(Grammar)
英式英语中,修饰刚发生不久、对现在有影响的动作,或与just/already/yet等完成时标志词连用时,必须使用现在完成时(Present Perfect)。
Eg:
I have lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?
而美式英语对这一语法点的要求则较为宽松,允许将该时态简化,可用一般过去时(Simple Past)代替。
Eg:
I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
I just had lunch.
I already saw that film.
Did you finish your homework yet?
这一特点在所有物的表示(Possession)上也有所体现:美式英语偏爱用do you have, doesn't have表达,而英式英语中则习惯用have you got, he hasn't got.
Eg:
Do you have a car? / Have you got a car?
He hasn't got any friends. / He doesn't have any friends.
She has a beautiful new home. / She's got a beautiful new home.
同时,这一不同也延伸到了动词“get”的过去分词(Past Participle)形式上:由于英国人常用Have got表所有关系,“got”成为了英式英语中“get”的过去分词形式(He's got much better at playing tennis.),区别于美语中的“gotten”(He's gotten much better at playing tennis.)。但美语中“have got to”的使用也很频繁,常用于表示“have to”(有责任与义务,不得不)的情形中。(I've got to work tomorrow.)
由于篇幅有限,本文只列举了少数示例。要想获得更系统全面的知识,你可以借助各类学习工具进行积累。如:电脑的“拼写检查”功能可以自动标出不符合某一类(英式/美式)拼写方式的单词;相关词典中也会对英美式的用法进行区分和详解。
No one ever stop learning so why don't you just keep learning from everything!
(文章转自:乐知英语。乐知从事英语教育已有10年,曾经获得过“腾讯网十年最具影响力外语品牌”“新浪教育最具口碑影响力外语教育机构”。乐知的免费试听课:http://www.hiknow.com/sessionhall.html?uid=sophie)
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